1. What Is Integrated Solid Waste Management?

 28.

1. what is mean by bio-remidation ?         2. what is bio leaching What is mean by bio-remediation? Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of iol spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilisers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria.  What is bio-leaching? Bioleaching is the extraction of specific metals from their ores through the use of bacteria. Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, and cobalt.  29.What is mean by bio medical waste? Biomedical waste consists of solids, liquids, sharps, and laboratory waste that are potentially infectious or dangerous. It must be properly managed to protect the general public, specifically healthcare and sanitation workers who are regularly exposed to biomedical waste as an occupational hazard. Biomedical waste differs from other types of hazardous waste, such as industrial waste, in that it comes from biological sources or is used in the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common producers of biomedical waste include hospitals, health clinics, nursing homes, medical research laboratories, offices of physicians, dentists, and veterinarians, home health care, and funeral homes. 30 .How many earth worm species use in vermin composting? About two thousand five hundred species of earthworms have been identified in the world of which more than five hundred species of earthworms have been identified in India. Diversity of earthworm species varies with different types of soils and hence choosing a local or native species of earthworm for the local soil and for vermin composting is an important step. There is no need to import earthworms from elsewhere. Types of Earthworms   Earthworms are classified into there types based on their life cycle and also on the basis of depth of holes that they make in the soil in which they live. First Type   These types of earthworms dwell in the upper surface of the soil in within one feet, and exhibit fast movement. These are called as Epigeic. These types of earthworms can convert the leaf residues into manure. These are suitable for Vermicomposting.   Examples Eudrilus Eugenia . Eisenia foetida       Local Perionyx excavatus 2. Drawida willsi   Second Type This type dwells in the middle portion of soil layer in one foot to two feet. These are called as Anacic. This type can absorb the inner contents of the soil and also is able to change the soil structure. Since they exhibit an upward &downward type of movement, soil aeration gets improved.  Example Local  :  Lampito mauriti       Third type   They dwell in the soil at a depth of 6ft. they push their wastes to the upper surface of the soil. Because of their upward & downward type of movement, they make tunnels beneath the soil. This facilitates soil aeration and drainage of water. Also facilitates the availability of sunlight to the roots of crops. These are called as Endogeic. 31. What is mean by bio-remediation?   Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilisers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria. 32. What is bio-leaching? Bioleaching is the extraction of specific metals from their ores through the use of bacteria. Bioleaching is one of several applications within biohydrometallurgy and several methods are used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, and cobalt. 33.All municipal wastes are used for composting? Composting is the purposeful biodegradation of organic matter, such as yard and food waste. The decomposition is performed by micro-organisms, mostly bacteria, but also yeasts and fungi. Only the biodegradable waste is used for composting. Because the biodegradable material is capable of being completely broken down under the action of microorganisms into carbon dioxide, water and biomass. 34. what are all the recent techniques available in solid waste management?             Some of the recent techniques in waste management include 1.       Collection of methane gas from landfill. Gas is pumped out of the landfill using perforated pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity. 2.       Biological processing which include composting and vermi composting. 3.       Waste to energy - The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Recycling through thermal treatment ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating, to fuel for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with limited oxygen availability. The process typically occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure. Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other products. The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon. Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam.  35. i what is solid waste conversion? ii what is vermicomposting? iii what are the different species of earth worms used for  composting? iv.what are the different species of earth worms used for  vermiwash? v.what are the major waste accumulated in municipal garbage? What is solid waste conversion ? Conversion technologies refer to a wide array of state of the art technologies capable of converting unrecyclable solid waste into useful products, such as green fuels and renewable energy, in an environmentally beneficial way. Utilizing conversion technologies to recover solid waste from disposal can: ·        reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other criteria pollutants; ·        reduce dependence on landfilling and imported fossil fuels; ·        enhance recycling efforts What is vermicomposting? Vermicompost  is the end-product of the breakdown of organic matter by some species of earthworm. Containing water-soluble nutrients, and bacteria, vermicompost is an excellent, nutrient-rich organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. The process of producing vermicompost is called vermicomposting. What are the different species of earth worms used for composting? What are the different species of earth worms used for composting?   About two thousand five hundred species of earthworms have been identified in the world of which more than five hundred species of earthworms have been identified in India. Diversity of earthworm species varies with different types of soils and hence choosing a local or native species of earthworm for the local soil and for vermin composting is an important step. There is no need to import earthworms from elsewhere.   Types of Earthworms Earthworms are classified into there types based on their life cycle and also on the basis of depth of holes that they make in the soil in which they live.      First Type   These types of earthworms dwell in the upper surface of the soil in within one feet, and exhibit fast movement. These are called as Epigeic. These types of earthworms can convert the leaf residues into manure. These are suitable for Vermicomposting.    Examples Eudrilus Eugenia 2. Eisenia foetida    Local Perionyx excavatus 2. Drawida willsi   Second Type This type dwells in the middle portion of soil layer in one foot to two feet. These are called as Anacic. This type can absorb the inner contents of the soil and also is able to change the soil structure. Since they exhibit an upward &downward type of movement, soil aeration gets improved.  Example Local  :  Lampito mauriti        Third type   They dwell in the soil at a depth of 6ft. they push their wastes to the upper surface of the soil. Because of their upward & downward type of movement, they make tunnels beneath the soil. This facilitates soil aeration and drainage of water. Also facilitates the availability of sunlight to the roots of crops. These are called as Endogeic.   What are the different species of earth worms used for  vermiwash?    Vermiwash is a liquid plant growth regulator, which contains high amount of enzymes, vitamins and hormones like auxins, gibberellins etc along with macro and micronutrients used as foliar spray. The earthworm species most often used are Branding Worms (Eisenia Foetida) or Redworms (Lumbricus rubellus). These species are only rarely found in soil and are adapted to the special conditions.   What are the major waste accumulated in municipal garbage? The Compostable matter is the major component of MSW composition in India. This ranges from 24% to 58%, with an average of 35% by weight for Class-l cities. The content of paper and paper board varies from 3% to 105 by weigh and average before disposal. 36 i. What is mean by bio-augmentation? Bioaugmentation is the introduction of a group of natural microbial strains or a genetically engineered variant to treat contaminated soil or water. Usually the steps involve studying the indigenous varieties present in the location to determine if biostimulation is possible. If the indigenous variety do not have the metabolic capability to perform the remediation process, exogenous varieties with such sophisticated pathways are introduced.Bioaugmentation is commonly used in municipal wastewater treatment to restart activated sludge bioreactors ii. what is bio-remediation? Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the natural environment altered by contaminants to its original condition. Bioremediation may be employed to attack specific soil contaminants, such as degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by bacteria. An example of a more general approach is the cleanup of oil spills by the addition of nitrate and/or sulfate fertilisers to facilitate the decomposition of crude oil by indigenous or exogenous bacteria. iii what is phyto remediation? Phytoremediation describes the treatment of environmental problems (bioremediation) through the use of plants. The word's etymology comes from the Greek φυτο (phyto) = plant, and Latin « remedium » = restoring balance, or remediating. Phytoremediation consists in depolluting contaminated soils, water or air with plants able to contain, degrade or eliminate metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil and its derivatives, and various other contaminants, from the media that contain them. iv. who is the author of silent spring? Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson and published by Houghton Mifflin in September 1962. The book is widely credited with helping launch the environmental movement.When Silent Spring was published, Rachel Carson was already a well-known writer on natural history, but had not previously been a social critic. The book was widely read (especially after its selection by the Book-of-the-Month Club and an endorsement by Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas), spending several weeks on the New York Times best-seller list, and inspired widespread public concerns with pesticides and pollution of the environment. Silent Spring facilitated the ban of the pesticide DDT in 1972 in the United States. The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment, particularly on birds. Carson said that DDT had been found to cause thinner egg shells and result in reproductive problems and death. She also accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically. Silent Spring has made many lists of the best nonfiction books of the twentieth century. Most recently, Silent Spring was named one of the 25 greatest science books of all time by the editors of Discover Magazine. v mention the organisms involved in bio-mining? Biomining is a new approach to the extraction of desired minerals from ores being explored by the mining industry in the past few years. Microorganisms are used to leach out the minerals, rather than the traditional methods of extreme heat or toxic chemicals, which have a deleterious effect on the environment. The bacteria are involved in biomining and are among the most remarkable life forms known. They are described as chemolithotrophic, which basically means rock eating, that is they obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic substances. Many of them are also autotrophic that is they utilize carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as the carbon source. These microorganisms live in very inhospitable environments, which other microbes would find it impossible to survive or tolerate; for example the sulphuric acid and soluble metals concentrations are often very high. Some thermophilic microorganisms require temperatures above 50 degree Celsius (122 degree Fahrenheit), and a few strains have been found at temperatures close to that of the boiling point of water.  vi mention the uses of myco-remediation? Mycoremediation has potential for future expansion. Mushrooms could be used to break down pesticides released from farms before they reach rivers and the food chain. Fungi could take up heavy metals from the ocean, restoring the land more rapidly to pave way for further development. Mushrooms can also absorb heavy metals such as mercury, lead and arsenic. A species called oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus, have a particularly high tolerance for areas heavily contaminated with cadmium and mercury. This means oyster mushrooms can grow in high-mercury areas and still decompose other pollutants. Mushrooms that ingest heavy metals are no longer safe to eat, because the toxins remain concentrated in the mushroom instead of being broken down. For this reason, heavy-metal laden mushrooms must be removed after absorption to prevent the metals from reentering the area when the mushrooms die and decompose. Oyster mushrooms gained national attention after the Nov. 7, 2007 Cosco Busan oil spill, when nearly 60,000 gallons of diesel fuel were dumped into San Francisco Bay. To test the potential of mycoremediation, workers mopped up oily beaches with mats of human hair, which is extremely absorbent. Oyster mushroom spores were introduced and began growing on the mats, decomposing the oil. The result: water, carbon dioxide, compost material suitable for highway landscaping and restored beaches. Once the oyster mushrooms run out of food, they will die off and decompose naturally, posing no threat to the environment, according to the Environmental Protection Agency.  37.what are all raw material used for solid waste compost ? Organic material like crop residues, green manure, common compost, mushroom compost, animal manure (cattle, swine, and poultry), municipal refuse, residues after oil extraction, and residues from processing animal products. The nutrient contents of these materials differ greatly.  38. i .How many days take for vermicomposting?                        It takes 60-90 days for a vermin compost to harvest.            ii.  finally vermicompost colour?           The compost is ready when the material is moderately loose and crumbly and the colour of the compost is dark brown. It will be black, granular, lightweight and humus-rich.           iii. name the diffrent spp of earthwarm?                             Types of Earthworms   Earthworms are classified into there types based on their life cycle and also on the basis of depth of holes that they make in the soil in which they live. First Type   These types of earthworms dwell in the upper surface of the soil in within one feet, and exhibit fast movement. These are called as Epigeic. These types of earthworms can convert the leaf residues into manure. These are suitable for Vermicomposting.   Examples Eudrilus Eugenia 2. Eisenia foetida    Local Perionyx excavatus 2. Drawida willsi   Second Type This type dwells in the middle portion of soil layer in one foot to two feet. These are called as Anacic. This type can absorb the inner contents of the soil and also is able to change the soil structure. Since they exhibit an upward &downward type of movement, soil aeration gets improved.   Example Local  :  Lampito mauriti Third type   They dwell in the soil at a depth of 6ft. they push their wastes to the upper surface of the soil. Because of their upward & downward type of movement, they make tunnels beneath the soil. This facilitates soil aeration and drainage of water. Also facilitates the availability of sunlight to the roots of crops. These are called as Endogeic.  39.  I AM INTERSTED IN TAKING MUNICIPAL WASTES FOR COMPOSTING  GIVE YOUR   VIEWS          Composting of municipal solid waste is an emerging area in India with great prospects as well as constraints. These developments can be examined from the waste management, agricultural and climate change scenario. The technology is simple and affordable, the product is beneficial for soil and significant saving of land (required for land-filling) is achieved. However, public-private partnership efforts are constrained due to quality requirements, marketing and pricing issues. This paper assesses the current scenario in the light of past developments, its role and potential in the Indian context and ways to make it sustainable on a long-term basis. The recent upsurge of interest in composting the organic fractions of municipal solid waste (MSW) builds on largely successful efforts with composting yard trimmings, agricultural wastes, and sewage sludges. While experience with these other materials is helpful in considering an MSW composting program, there are a number of challenges unique to MSW which need to be addressed. MSW contains materials which vary widely in size, moisture, and nutrient content, and the organic fractions can be mixed with varying degrees of non-compostable wastes and possibly hazardous constituents. Manufacturing a marketable compost product from this material requires a range of physical processing technologies in addition to the biological process management common to other types of composting. Four tasks are central to the design of a modern MSW composting system: collection, contaminant separation, sizing and mixing, and biological decomposition. The first of the preprocessing tasks, collection, largely determines the processing requirements of the remaining tasks because they must be tailored to the characteristics of the incoming waste. Separation processes at the composting facility generate recyclable and reject streams, usually at several places in the process. Size reduction increases the surface area of the organic wastes, enhancing opportunities for biological activity, while mixing ensures that nutrients, moisture and oxygen are adequate throughout the material. Options for accomplishing these first three tasks are described below. 40. is their any possibilities to create resistance(pest/disease) in plants ?    Vermicompost can be used to make compost tea (worm tea), by mixing some vermicompost in water and steeping for a number of hours or days. Its microbial activity is greater if it is aerated during this period. The resulting liquid is used as a fertilizer or sprayed on the plants.  The dark brown waste liquid, or leachate, that drains into the bottom of some vermicomposting systems as water-rich foods break down, is best applied back to the bin when added moisture is needed due to the possibility of phytotoxins and organic acids toxic to plants. 41.what few microorganisms are which assists in composting of wastes?  Organisms in the compost include earthworms, nematodes, protozoa, fungi and bacteria. 42.what is the remedy for non degradable waste?     The non-degradable waste like  Tin, aluminium, other metal items, Plastic bags and Glass bottles can either be recycled or can be reused into different forms. From the above listed items aluminium, glass bottles metals can be recycled or can be reused as such after thorough cleaning. But the disposal of plastics seems to be the major problem all over the world because the carry bags, cups, bottles, plates etc cannot be recycled if it is less than 20 microns . Many industries produce environmental friendly products but though they sound so or not really friendly to the environment. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has ranked 47 chemical plants which emit carcinogens in the environment and in that highest number (35) of plants are plastic producing industries. The non-biodegradable material plastics can be used to produce fuel and can be used to make bitumen roads. 43.i. temperature forrm in composting process ?       The ideal temperature range for active composting is 105- 145º F. High temperatures are essential for destruction of pathogenic organisms and undesirable weed seeds. Also, decomposition is more rapid in the thermophilic temperature range. Since few thermophilic organisms actively carry on decomposition above 160° F, it is undesirable to have temperatures above this for extended periods.  ii nutrient value of vermicompost? Compost provides the basic nutrients of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) as well as dozens of micro- and macro nutrients that are vital for healthy plants. The nutrient value of compost includes: Organic matter 9.3% N – 8.3% P – 4.5% K- 1.0 % (water soluble) Ca – 0.4 % Mg – 0.1 %