|
INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE
Images
Solid wastes generated from industries include inorganic and organic
materials. Some of the industrial waste can be recycled to produce energy.
Other type of wastes is either land filled or incinerated.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
-
Biodegradable
- waste from food processing industry,
slaughterhouses, dairy, chemicals, pickles, and textile mills.
-
Non-biodegradable – waste from collieries, refineries, and steel plants, lead and zinc plant, thermal power plant and paper industry.
-
Hazardous - waste from refineries, metallurgical and electroplating industries, pickling, pharmaceutical, pesticide and dye.
In the industrial sector, the
major generators of hazardous waste are the metal, chemical,
paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste
such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal. Some of the
electronic waste (e-waste) generated by electronic
equipments found in house, office etc. contain hazardous
waste .
Part of the hazardous waste includes mining
wastes in which residues
are obtained from extraction from earth. Some of
scrap metals like
bits and
pieces of metal parts (e.g., bars, turnings, rods, sheets,
wire) or metal pieces that may be combined together with
bolts or soldering (e.g., radiators, scrap automobiles,
railroad box cars).
India generates around 7 million tonnes of hazardous
wastes every year, most of which is concentrated in four
states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil
Nadu.
Electronic -
Waste (E-Waste)
Electronic-Waste-
E-waste refers to obsolete and unserviceable
electronic gadgets. They may be PCs, TVs, mobile phones etc.
 |
The most recent industrial waste includes computers and other electronic equipments, which find their way directly into unauthorized scrap dealers. Some of organizations like EXNORA, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition on the Computer Take Back Campaign made several steps to eliminate the e-waste by making the manufacturers to clean out the waste. |
Improper
disposal or recycling of e-waste releases toxic substance
like lead, chromium, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, nickel,
zinc, and brominated flame retardants. Cathode ray tubes
(CRTs) from monitors and television contain average of four
pounds of lead.
A study by Kittitas County with special reference to
e-waste shows that 315 million computers would have become
obsolete by the year 2005. It is estimated that three
hundred and fifteen million computers would have become
obsolete in 2005.
Amount of waste generated from 315 million computers:
- 4 billion pounds of plastic
- 1.2 million pounds of chromium
- 1 billion pounds of lead
- 1.9 million pounds of cadmium
- 400,000 pounds of mercury
Composition of a desktop personal computer
(Based on a typical desktop computer, weighing ~27 Kg)
|
Raw material |
Content (% of total weight) |
Weight of material in computer (kg) |
Recycling Efficiency
(current recyclability) |
Use/Location |
|
Plastics |
22.9907 |
6.21 |
20% |
Includes organics, oxides other than silica |
|
Lead |
6.2988 |
1.71 |
5% |
Metal joining, radiation shield/CRT, PWB |
|
Aluminum |
14.1723 |
3.83 |
80% |
Structural, conductivity/housing, CRT, PWB, connectors |
| Germanium |
0.0016 |
<0.045 |
0% |
Semiconductor/PWB |
|
Iron |
20.4712 |
5.535 |
80% |
Structural, magnetivity/(steel) housing, CRT, PWB |
|
Tin |
1.0078 |
0.27 |
70% |
Metal joining/PWB, CRT |
|
Copper |
6.9287 |
2.12 |
90% |
Conductivity/CRT, PWB, connectors |
|
Barium |
0.0315 |
0.05 |
0% |
In vacuum tube/CRT |
|
Nickel |
0.8503 |
0.23 |
80% |
Structural, magnetivity/(steel) housing, CRT, PWB |
|
Zinc |
2.2046 |
0.60 |
60% |
Battery, phosphor emitter/PWB, CRT |
|
Tantalum |
0.0157 |
<0.045 |
0% |
Capacitors/PWB, power supply |
|
Indium |
0.0016 |
<0.045 |
60% |
Transistor, rectifiers/PWB |
|
Vanadium |
0.0002 |
<0.045 |
0% |
Red phosphor emitter/CRT |
|
Terbium |
0 |
0 |
0% |
Green phosphor activator, dopant/CRT, PWB |
|
Beryllium |
0.0157 |
<0.045 |
0% |
Thermal conductivity/PWB, connectors |
|
Gold |
0.0016 |
<0.045 |
99% |
Connectivity, conductivity/PWB, connectors |
|
Europium |
0.0002 |
<0.045 |
0% |
Phosphor activator/PWB |
|
Titanium |
0.0157 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Pigment, alloying agent/(aluminum) housing |
|
Ruthenium |
0.0016 |
< 0.045 |
80% |
Resistive circuit/PWB |
|
Cobalt |
0.0157 |
< 0.045 |
85% |
Structural, magnetivity/(steel) housing, CRT, PWB |
|
Palladium |
0.0003 |
<0.045 |
95% |
Connectivity, conductivity/PWB, connectors |
|
Manganese |
0.0315 |
<0.045 |
0% |
Structural, magnetivity/(steel) housing, CRT, PWB |
|
Silver |
0.0189 |
< 0.045 |
98% |
Conductivity/PWB, connectors |
|
Antinomy |
0.0094 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Diodes/housing, PWB, CRT |
|
Bismuth |
0.0063 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Wetting agent in thick film/PWB |
|
Chromium |
0.0063 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Decorative, hardener/(steel) housing |
|
Cadmium |
0.0094 |
<0.045 |
0% |
Battery, glu-green phosphor emitter/housing, PWB, CRT |
|
Selenium |
0.0016 |
0.000432 |
70% |
Rectifiers/PWB |
|
Niobium |
0.0002 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Welding allow/housing |
|
Yttrium |
0.0002 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Red phosphor emitter/CRT |
|
Rhodium |
0 |
|
50% |
Thick film conductor/PWB |
|
Platinum |
0 |
|
95% |
Thick film conductor/PWB |
|
Mercury |
0.0022 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Batteries, switches/housing, PWB |
|
Arsenic |
0.0013 |
< 0.045 |
0% |
Doping agents in transistors/PWB |
|
Silica |
24.8803 |
6.75 |
0% |
Glass, solid state devices/CRT, PWB |
|
